Texas A&M University (TAMU) PBSI 107 Introduction to Psychology Exam 1 Practice

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• Which branch explains behavior by studying the nervous system?
• Which term designates the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli?
• An operational definition describes:
• Which sense is primarily responsible for the sense of movement?
• During the resting state, the interior of a neuron is more negative than the outside, with sodium mainly outside and potassium mainly inside, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump. What is this resting state called?
• Which term designates the brain and spinal cord together?
• Which part carries electrical signal away from the soma?
• Which field studies how people influence each other?
• Which nervous system controls involuntary processes?
• Which term describes that each hemisphere has specialized function?
• Which movement emphasizes the idea that perception and problem solving are holistic and cannot be reduced to simple elements?
• Which view holds that mind and body are separate but interacting?
• Wernicke's area is located in which brain lobe?
• The processing that uses past experiences and expectations to interpret sensory information is called what?
• What is the electrical signal that travels down a neuron’s axon called?
• What term describes bias that arises when participants' expectations influence outcomes?
• Which of the following is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables?
• What term describes the initial detection of environmental energy?
• Which sleep phase includes rapid eye movements and dreaming waves that resemble awake EEG activity?
• Which division is responsible for fight or flight, increasing heart rate and decreasing digestion?
• Stimulus intensity and psychological factors like alertness relate to which theory?
• Which method relies on past records and data to draw conclusions?
• Which bias occurs when observations are skewed by the observer's expectations?
• Which region acts as the main relay hub for sensory information traveling to the cortex?
• Which field uses therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy to treat mental disorders?
• Where does auditory transduction primarily occur?
• What term describes the minimum intensity for reliable detection in approximately 50% of trials?
• Which autonomic nervous system is responsible for rest and digestion?
• Which psychologist is associated with the idea that behavior helps adaptation to the environment?
• Which statement best contrasts reliability and validity?
• Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt property of perception?
• Which structure serves as the sensory relay station directing incoming sensory information?
• Which research approach focuses on in-depth study of a single individual?
• Which method involves observing behavior in a natural setting?
• Which stage is defined by deep relaxation with theta waves, and the presence of spindles and k-complexes?
• Which term is defined as a testable prediction about the relationship between variables?
• Which term best names the brain and spinal cord as a single unit?
• The optic chiasm is a feature of which pathway?
• Which term refers to brain organizes and interprets the sensory input?
• Which description matches a cross-sectional study?
• In research, what term describes the degree to which two variables move together?
• Which bias is the tendency to perceive relationships that do not exist?
• Which structure connects left and right hemispheres for communication?
• Which school focuses on observable behavior, including classical and operant conditioning?
• Which term describes awareness of internal and external stimuli, wakefulness, sleep, and altered states?
• Which imaging technique shows activity in different parts of the brain?
• Which perspective highlights Maslow's hierarchy and Rogers' unconditional positive regard and client-centered therapy?
• Where are neurotransmitters stored before release?
• The processing that starts with sensory input and builds up to perception is known as which?
• The fovea is a part of which anatomical structure?
• Which doctrine holds that mind is what the brain does, one thing?
• Which approach used systematic introspection to analyze conscious experience?
• Which neuron component maintains neuron health?
• Which brain region controls biological rhythms?
• What term describes a relationship where two or more variables change together?
• The master clock for circadian rhythms is located in which nucleus?
• The structures pinna, tympanic membrane, ossicles, and cochlea are associated with which sense?
• In physics of waves, which term means the number of cycles per unit time?
• Which brainwave has the lowest frequency and high amplitude, associated with deep sleep (stages 3/4)?
• Which nervous system is associated with rest and digest?
• Which imaging technique is primarily used to show brain activity by metabolic processes?
• Which bias involves ignoring evidence that contradicts your beliefs?
• In the resting state, which ions are typically higher outside the neuron?
• Which structure encases the axon to insulate and speed conduction?
• The biopsychosocial model is most closely associated with which field?
• What term best describes the cycle that regulates sleep-wake and body rhythms on roughly a 24-hour basis?
• Which component is part of the central nervous system?
• Which component of the inner ear contributes to balance and spatial orientation?
• Which lobe is primarily involved in hearing and memory?
• Which lobe is responsible for vision and visual processing?
• Which concept is often observed in laboratory settings but not as much in everyday life?
• What term refers to the number of waves that pass in a given period of time?
• The inner ear contains which primary hearing structure?
• Which sense provides information about the position of the body in space, often called the body center?
• Which sense provides information about position and movement of the body?
• Which field studies patterns and differences in personality?
• Which retinal cells convey information from the eye to the brain via the optic nerve?
• Which retinal area provides the sharpest central vision?
• Which structures make up the outer ear?
• Which stage is dominated by delta waves and considered deep sleep?
• Which approach includes client-centered therapy and unconditional positive regard?
• What are the small bones in the middle ear called?
• The primary visual cortex is located in which lobe?
• Which term refers to conclusions drawn from observations and empirical data?
• What term describes participants dropping out of a study over time?
• Which term describes the neuron interior becoming more negative, making firing less likely?
• What term describes turning sensory energy into neural signals?
• Which factor is important for maintaining cognitive function and memory?
• Wernicke's area is best known for its role in which function?
• Which brain region is associated with decisions, planning, problem solving, motor control, and contains Broca's area?
• What term refers to the actual content of dreams?
• Which sleep stage transitions from wakefulness to sleep, with alpha waves giving way to theta waves and slower heart and breathing?
• Which term denotes a relationship in which two variables change together but one does not cause the other?
• Which brain region is linked to spatial awareness and sensory integration?
• Which process describes the brain organizing sensations into meaningful perception?
• Which neuron component receives synaptic input from other neurons?
• Which field focuses on diagnosing and treating mental disorders?
• If a sample is smaller than the population, the sample is _______.
• Which concept is a set of ideas used to explain phenomena and to form hypotheses?
• Which type of conditioning involves pairing two stimuli?
• Which brain region is the brain's master clock for circadian rhythms?
• Which term describes the approx. 24-hour cycle of bodily rhythms?
• Which sense is associated with balance and spatial orientation, including the vestibular system?
• What is the process of converting physical energy from the environment into neural signals for the brain?
• Which theory links dreams to unconscious processes and distinguishes manifest content from latent content?
• Which brainwave pattern is low frequency with higher amplitude typical of sleep stages 1 and 2, often accompanied by spindles and k-complexes?
• Which nervous system governs voluntary movement and includes sensory and motor neurons?
• Which imaging technique provides detailed structural images of the brain?
• Sensory information is encoded by the brain using which aspects of stimuli?
• Which design compares multiple groups at the same time?
• Alpha waves are described as low frequency, higher amplitude than beta, and are associated with which sleep stage?
• Which sense detects temperature changes?
• Which part of the eye adjusts the size of the pupil and regulates light entry?
• What term denotes the hidden meaning of dreams?
• What regulates body temperature, hormones, and sleep?
• What fatty layer covers the axon to speed neural transmission?
• Which perspective emphasizes learning through associations and consequences, often summarized by reinforcement and punishment?
• Which term refers to pain perception?
• Which term records electrical activity with electrodes on the scalp?
• Which philosophical position claims mind is identical to brain processes?
• Which structure regulates fight-or-flight responses and autonomic functions including hunger and temperature?
• Which dream theory proposes a collective unconscious and universal symbols?
• What small sacs store neurotransmitters in the presynaptic terminal?
• Which type of reasoning moves from general principle to specific conclusion?
• Which concept emphasizes reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior?
• Which waveform is typically observed during alert, waking state?
• Which sleep-stage feature is high frequency bursts observed during stage 2?
• Which term describes the act of looking inward at one’s own mental processes?
• Which term refers to the tendency to perceive nonexistent relationships?
• Which sleep phase involves rapid eye movements and dream activity?
• Which approach emphasizes the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and dreams?
• Which statement about reliability and validity is true?
• Which perspective on dreaming emphasizes unconscious wishes and the distinction between apparent and hidden dream content?
• What is the gap between neurons where neurotransmitters cross called?
• What term refers to bias introduced by the researcher that can influence study results?
• Which movement emphasizes that the whole experience cannot be reduced to its parts?
• Which photoreceptors are responsible for color vision and daytime vision?
• Which imaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and is used to track changes over time?
• Which brain region governs balance and motor coordination?
• Which sleep-related pattern is high amplitude and represents a brain response to environmental stimuli during sleep?
• Which brain region is linked to learning and memory consolidation?
• What can influence perception?
• Beta waves are high frequency, low amplitude and are associated with which state?
• Which school of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt and introspection?
• Which stage is associated with slow-wave, deep sleep, characterized by delta waves?
• Which field studies how culture shapes psychological processes?
• Which sensory system includes the cornea, pupil, iris, lens, fovea, retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve, and optic chiasm?
• Attrition in a longitudinal study primarily affects which aspect?
• What term describes involuntary movement during sleep?
• The minimum stimulus needed to trigger an action potential is called the
• Which structure releases neurotransmitters into the synapse?
• Which brain region is associated with fear, aggression, and other emotional responses?
• Which term refers to raw sensory input hits body?
• Broca's area is best known for its role in which function?
• Which field would focus on how biological, psychological, and social factors influence health?
• Which method involves collecting responses from many individuals using a set of questions?
• Which concept was developed by William James and focuses on the function of mental processes in adapting to the environment?
• What term describes the height of a wave?
• Which part receives messages/signals from other neurons?
• Which sense is primarily responsible for sensing body movement?
• Which region is commonly linked to emotion and fear?
• Which term names the brain and spinal cord as the central part of the nervous system?
• Which processing uses past experiences to interpret sensory information?
• Which method involves a list of questions sent out to participants?
• Which doctrine holds that mind and body are separate, two things?
• What is the narrow gap where neurotransmitters cross between neurons?
• Which structure serves as the primary sensory relay directing incoming information to the cortex?
• Which division includes all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord?
• Which design follows the same group of people over a long period, with risk of attrition?
• Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of REM sleep?
• Which process involves the neuron's interior becoming less negative, increasing the likelihood of firing?
• What does well-designed experimental research allow researchers to determine?
• Which reasoning moves from specific observations to general conclusions?
• Which sleep stage is characterized by theta waves along with spindles and k-complexes?
• Which structure integrates autonomic and endocrine responses, including hunger and temperature regulation?
• The correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1, with 0 indicating no correlation.
• The smallest detected difference between two stimuli is called what?
• Which brain imaging modality is primarily structural and does not show activity?
• The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus is located in which brain region?
• Which term describes a single individual, such as Phineas Gage, used to study personality changes after brain injury?
• Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for speech production?
• Which concept is described by representing important life events in dreams according to research on dreams?
• Which term describes the consistency of a measurement across repeated trials?
• Which term refers to the rest of the body outside the brain and spinal cord?
• During relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed, which EEG pattern is observed before sleep onset and then shifts to theta waves as sleep begins?
• Broca's area is located in which brain lobe?
• The minimum detected 50% of the time is called the
• Which term describes measuring what the test is intended to measure?
• A confounding variable is best defined as which of the following?
• Which field studies development from birth to adulthood?
• What is the long projection that transmits impulses to other neurons or muscles?
• Which structure connects the two hemispheres to enable communication between left and right sides?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between correlation and causation?
• Which term refers to the hidden symbolic meaning in dreams?
• Which cells in the retina detect light and initiate visual processing?